Creating artificial systems that mimic the functioning of cells is one of the goals of what is known as synthetic biology. These models, known as synthetic or biomimetic cells, allow some of the basic ...

Chelsea Rae Bourgeois is a health writer and registered dietitian nutritionist with over eight years of experience in the clinical setting. Her writing covers nutrition and overall health topics, ...

Max Cooper and Brantley Herrin discuss the evolution of innate and alternative adaptive immune systems for defence purposes and conclude that successful vaccines and other therapeutic manipulations of ...

Meaghan is an editor and writer who also has experience practicing holistic medicine as an acupuncturist and herbalist. She’s passionate about helping individuals live full, healthy and happy lives at ...

Bacteriophages are infectious agents that comprise viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages are widespread, abundant and very diverse. Comprehensive assessment of the host range of phages is a ...